Sure! I’ll talk in generic terms here because these regulations tend to change with time and each country will have their own particularities.

You have your license validity and test validity, they are not coupled. Your license is never valid for longer than your test, and it expires so the government can update your picture, check documents, make sure you pay your fines, etc.

There are also follow-up tests that you must pass after getting your license. They are not a full test, so it’s cheaper to run, but intended to check you still know your basics, are up to date in major regulations, still maintain minimal aptitude for driving, etc.

I’ll come up with an example, bear in mind I didn’t research actual numbers because that would depend on where in the world you’re looking at. So perhaps you need to retest one year after first getting your license, then 5 years, then every 10. But then, if you’re over 55, you need to retest every 5 years. Then every 3 years if you’re over 65. Then finally every year if you’re over 75.

Brazil and Germany had some rules like that but not all, in some shape. I don’t know what their current regulations are.