Yeah, there's math for it.

It depends on the firearm and the round itself, and there's some uncertainty based on the exact powder load, but that wouldn't change things enough to matter.

I'm not willing to spend time looking it up, but I've seen a table of comparisons between common rounds' lethality at given ranges based on set conditions. There's always a point where lethality drops to zero, and it's before the maximum flight distance.