I’m reading a book on this topic right now. It’s called civil resistance. Hope to find the answer soon!

This is part of why, as much grief as it gets, the 4B movement is something that can plausibly gain traction. Because it doesn't really require anyone "outing" themselves and thus putting themselves at risk, it can be done without coordination, leadership, and trust. Boycotts function on a similar premise.

They are a useful tool in some ways, but the issue is the relatively limited scope of what these sorts of efforts can accomplish.