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Colorism and religion. Like Jews being made to wear an armband for easy identification. Black people in Europe are easily identified. East and southeast Asians are easily identified visually. The darker skinned middle eastern peoples are easy to identify visually as non-European.

Every country has historic minorities but it's more recent that migration across huge distances became common so that adjacent skin tones and visually identifiable features from far away became common in huge numbers.

In Australia, pretty much all the mostly genocided countries, there were programs to breed the savage out of natives. That being taking children mostly young girls and raising them to be married off to white men and after enough generations of this, they would visually look European and would graduate to being a white person.

Europeans in discrimination discourse seem to acknowledge far less easy visual markers for discrimination than the mostly European descendant inhabited former colonies where multiculturalism would be just as much colorism as regional differences in tradition old and new. Like in the US, Canada, etc significant migrations of people from the former states of Yugoslavia. Their children joined the default American or Canadian identifier in those countries because they're visually European descendant and no longer have the accent. But even with an accent because they come from the adjacent culture that dominates in the US and they fit the color, they face less default discrimination than minorities with easily distinguishable visual differences. They can't easily be identified as outsiders until they speak but if they can nail a close enough to a common domestic regional accent, then they can be treated like a native better than the people with native American, African, Asian characteristics

You have natives, native Hispanic, black, Asians that have been in those countries for decades to long before Europeans arrived but are identified with a qualifier. Native American, African American, Asian American, Latin American.

Like I don't think I've ever seen a Europeans call China diverse because Han Chinese is distinct from Manchu which is distinct from Korean which is distinct from Dai. Uyghurs look distinct enough that white people see them as distinct from Chinese but I have not seen that same for Hui people or all the other distinct Muslim minority groups in China.

The same with India. Colorism and religious and ethnic visual markers that vary significantly in visual identification that cause groupings and discrimination in local communities to federal governance. These two are geographically large with huge population countries.

In the same way Germany and Spain have distinct historic minority groups, so do Japan and Vietnam before getting to immigration to those countries from like India let alone the large ethnic Chinese populations in those countries but I'm certain almost everyone in Europe and America would look at them as monoethnic. People out here generally don't look at a Chinatown in Thailand like they do a Chinatown in the UK and Thailand and China are right next to each other but historically have vastly different languages, different religions (I'm including the difference of folk religions and school of buddhism and the resultant syncretism). I never hear these countries spoken up for their experience in handling minority groups and multiculturalism because they have historic, tracing back centuries to over a thousand years, old minority groups that aren't easily visually identifiable. It's different than modern migration minority groups. An Indian minority in Vietnam is far different than one of the common historic minorities of Vietnam that trace damn near the whole minority groups existance to modern day Vietnam

So minority groups like Basque and Catalans will experience minority life far differently than people from Africa and Asia. Just subsetting to Muslims, Muslims from northern Africa and the Middle East can expect different treatment from people they've never met based on skin color and Muslims can expect different treatment if they look Malaysian, Indonesian, Hui, etc because in Europe and the anglosphere, Muslims aren't expected to look like southeast asians or chinese