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Self-hosted Centralized Cloud?
(alien.top)
A place to share alternatives to popular online services that can be self-hosted without giving up privacy or locking you into a service you don't control.
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We welcome posts that include suggestions for good self-hosted alternatives to popular online services, how they are better, or how they give back control of your data. Also include hints and tips for less technical readers.
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Two ideas: First, you're describing exactly a traditional SFTP share with the same files being in a location but each user can have different permission levels. Also, samba shares does the same thing. Not sure if a modern web UI is a requirement for you though.
Second, you could use nextcloud and just share the files, or use groups (or circles I can't remember what they call it).