I don't think so. Inactive quest markers in the immediate area still show a white quest marker, while the active quest remains blue.

It would be really great if the missions menu let you select a filter by planet/system tab, or just by distance. Anything showing more than a few kilometers would let you know its probably not on this planet.

If you go into your quest log and press the "back" button, it'll display ALL your quest markers on your HUD.

I toggle it by mistake and thought my game was bugged because it wouldn't follow my active quest

From the map just hit the options/select button (whatever the left one is called on Xbox). You can only have 1 active quest and 1 activity marked at a time, though, and there's no easy way of sorting by planet.