In practical terms, Braid is probably closest. You have time rewind mechanics, in some stages it's selective where rewind applies to specific objects AND/OR specific areas (so it's not just try/retry, but actual time manipulation and setup)
Shoutout to Superhot, where time moves when you move (bullettime on steroids)
I have some similar ideas about a story driven time travel game where it's set up so that at one point you face an anonymous enemy, which forces you to trigger certain conditions in the stage and then they escape.
Later in the game you return to this stage at the same point in time, expecting to face that enemy again, but you are this "enemy", and the game nudges you into replicating the exact same sequence of events so that you take the actions which the "enemy" did so your (NPC) past self can replay the exact steps you previously took.
But the game doesn't show this clearly to you the player until you completed the stage - while your character is shown to have noticed something strange, the game doesn't show you the player (or you character's party) that you faced yourself until the end of the stage, using different positions and camera angles to hide it from you and the party. And if you manage to replicate the event chain perfectly, you'll get to see your party members being visibly stunned when you see them realize it was a time loop (your actions in the stage breaks the loop), and hopefully the player can be made to feel like they experienced a time loop, as if they really faced off with themselves twice ("how did the game know I would do it that way?")