The framing sequence takes place three months after Kirk’s apparent death at the start of Generations, which places it sometime in 2293 (confirmed later by Rosalind Lear as 26 years after TOS: “Space Seed” in 2267). Sulu is still captain of Excelsior, with Tuvok as an ensign.
Sulu’s remark that he’s one of the few people still alive who’s met Khan raises the question of how many are “few”? Even assuming this is after Scotty’s disappearance, five of the main bridge crew are still around. Uhura commanded the training vessel Leondegrance until her retirement in 2333 (PIC: “The Star Gazer”), McCoy lives until at least 2364 (TNG: “Encounter at Farpoint”) and Spock’s apparent death was in 2387 (ST 2009). I doubt Chekov would have died in the three months since the start of Generations and there are still four hundred crew that were on Enterprise during TOS: “Space Seed” that could potentially still be alive.
Joachim was Khan’s right hand man in ST II, played by Judson Scott. McGivers refers to him as a “boy”, although we did not see any children as part of Khan’s people in “Space Seed”, and Day 72 of exile (about 10 weeks in) rules out a birth on Ceti Alpha V.
That being said, there were 72 surviving Augments on board Botany Bay, and we didn’t see that many on screen, so possibly the children Khan rescued from the laboratory in Montana were left in stasis until the exile. The acknowledgement of children explains why Khan’s crew in ST II in 2285 appeared to be so much younger than him, as opposed to the Augments who were revived in 2267.
The term “Augment” was never used in “Space Seed”, ST II or even DS9, but first came up during ENT: “Borderlands” as a term to describe the Eugenics Wars’ supermen.
Khan quotes Lucifer from Milton’s Paradise Lost, “Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven”. He alluded to the same line in his parting words to Kirk in “Space Seed”. To Reign in Hell: The Exile of Khan Noonian Singh is a novel by Greg Cox telling a version of Khan’s stay on Ceti Alpha V. Another account is found in IDW’s comic series Khan: Ruling in Hell.
Khan refers to Kuwait and tanks they called “Babylon Lions”. The Iraqis build their own variant of the Soviet T-72 main battle tank which saw use during the 1990 Invasion of Kuwait and the subsequent Gulf War, as well as the 2003 Iraq War. The T-72M1 was known as the Lion of Babylon tank or اسد بابل (Asad Babil). A few survive today as training vehicles.
Ursula says Kirk has given them “more than a fighting chance”. In ST II, Chekov says, “On Ceti Alpha V there was life! A fair chance…” Ursula states later that Augment women’s eggs were harvested in infancy (females are born with a finite ovarian reserve, which cannot be replenished), which is why she and Madot are eager to start experimentation to reverse this.
McGivers is much more assertive in this portrayal. While she did stand up to Khan eventually in “Space Seed”, she was much more submissive and deferential to him initially, which is how Khan managed to briefly hijack Enterprise in the first place. McGivers sees part of her role as recording the history Khan is going to make, as befits a former ship’s historian.
Khan’s lieutenant, named Joaquin in “Space Seed” is established here as the father of the younger Joachim, his mother being an unaugmented human. The phrase, “What fresh hell is this?” is usually attributed to Dorothy Parker - the original being “What fresh hell can this be?”
“Quintessence of dust” comes from the “What a piece of work is man,” soliloquy in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Act II sc ii. Hamlet extols (sarcastically) the virtues of humans, but concludes with all these amounting to insignificance.
“I make you no promises today beyond sweat, tears, toil and blood,” paraphrases Winston Churchill’s address to his Cabinet when he became Prime Minister in 1940: “I have nothing to offer but blood, tears, toil and sweat.”
Khan says there are 73 lives left, which adds McGivers to the 72 in “Space Seed”
The drugs McGivers identifies include sterilite for infections (TOS: “A Private Little War’), dermaline for burns (VOY: “Deadlock”), stenophyl for anaphylactic shock (VOY: “Nothing Human”). Endometrial thickness refers to the thickness of the inner lining of the uterus. Estrogen and progesterone are hormones that play a vital role in female reproduction. Clomiphene citrate is induce ovulation in women whose ovaries are unable to produce eggs.
McGivers points out a machine that csterilite for infections (TOS: “A Private Little War’), dermaline for burns (VOY: “Deadlock”), stenophyl synthesiser.
Khan relates the legend of how in 1519 Hernán Cortés burned his ships in order to motivate his men to conquer the Aztec Empire. The same story is told by Marko Ramius in the movie version of Tom Clancy’s novel The Hunt for Red October.
Hugo refers to Ivan’s “boombox”, which further dates the departure of the Augments to the 1990s as their use started to decline with the advent of portable sound devices like the Walkman. This may contradict the new timeline seen in SNW: “Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow” which pushes the Eugenic Wars into the 21st Century.
Ivan says, “We swore to live and die by his command,” which is a repeat of Khan’s statement to CAPT Terrell in ST II: “These people have sworn to live and die at my command 200 years before you were born.” When he kills Hugo, he says in Russian, “До свидания, лжец (Do svidaniya, lzhets),” which means “Goodbye, liar.”
Annotations for 1x01 up at: https://startrek.website/post/28791347