It seems to be almost entirely about temperature/climate ... warm weather = eat at night when it's cool.

Searching for some cultural factors then becomes the interesting question. Which places offer food in spite of their climate?

Scrolling through the linked page and its maps, South America, India and South East Asia (eg Thailand etc) stand out.

Southern cities in South America such as Buenos Aires seem to have a night life despite being rather south (and therefore presumably cool), compared at least to more northern/warmer cities.

Similarly, Indian cities seem to do late night food (which I've heard is generally a thing in Indian culture, to eat dinner relatively late) while south east asia, which I presume is just as warm, doesn't do late food.