Out of the loop

Schumer said that a shutdown would enable Trump to arbitrarily shutter parts of the government he doesn't like.

Trump is already shuttering the parts of the government he doesn't like, and the "CR" gives those acts the veneer of lawfulness.

If there had been a shutdown there would likely have been more pain in more places. But the Dems could have plausibly negotiated for a better result than what Schumer voted for, and aside from the pain of the shutdown itself it's not at all clear how the end result would be any worse than what we got

And despite what Fetterman and the other Senate Democrat collaborators might claim, a vote for cloture was a vote for the bill to become law. The rules of the Senate are dumb, but "this bill would not have passed save for that vote" is a pretty empirical rebuttal.