I doubt Apple just learned of the pending EU rule 12 months ago as it was passed.

The alternative is to take a gamble that it won't be approved and then be stuck with phones that weren't in compliance (ignoring the 24 month grace period) and having the development clock start immediately for future models. I'm sure they saw which way the winds were blowing, knew they had no populist counter argument opposing the change, and decided it was in their best interest to join literally every other manufacturer on the planet in using a standard port.

It's really hard to say without being personally involved. Two years is a very comfortable amount of time to implement that specific change. The biggest hurdle is passing regulatory testing early enough to begin manufacturing in time to build a large enough stockpile before release. If they really pushed it and threw enough people at it, manufacturing could begin as little as 6 months after starting. But that's a very risky timeline because about a million things will still go wrong all throughout the process, and "simple" design changes like this are never, ever simple.

I'm impressed if they began production one year after deciding to make the change. The EU directive might've been approved roughly a year ago, but Apple might've seen writing on the wall and started earlier too. Regardless of context, this is definitely not a >2-3 year process though.

You know how many fucking lawyers they have? They were well-prepared.

Could they?

Yeah probably. USB-C connectors are ubiquitous, I'm certain they could acquire the necessary components in short notice if they had to. From my understanding they essentially did just swap the connector and kept the same USB2.0 controller.

Did they?

I doubt it, they had plenty of notice this was coming and were likely already preparing for it.

I wouldn't be surprised if the second USB-C iPhone release gets a modern controller with USB 3.2 or even 4, and Apple talks it up like they have single-handedly made USB-C fast all by theirselves (and imply that other mobile devices haven't had the same for far longer)