I think literally the last place I actually had this kind problem was a case of mojibake in filenames for things that started on a windows fs served under iis, that then went to a btrfs store and chilled there for a while (like, 6+ years and however many kernels), then rsync’d onto a zfs box (on bookworm)

And I literally just slapped the names through a python auto-remapper library after like 5min of searching to fix shit…