Herbs. If you're growing indoors without much sunlight, you won't be able to grow much. Maximize the bang for your buck by growing fresh herbs, since you don't need to use much to get a significant improvement in the quality of your food. Parsley is good, sage, thyme, basil...
Definitely, and I'd recommend green onion if you like it because you can "start" it by replanting the roots from store-bought green onion. Just cut off the bottom 2 inches (almost 10cm), plant it, and eat the top part.
If you're going to have houseplants, you may as well get some food from them.
Leafy greens tend to do ok indoors and I've also grown peppers indoors. You'll need to supplement the soil if not using indoor potting soil. Any plant that doesn't self pollinate will need some help (gently shake the plant to spread pollen). Of course nothing beats mother nature so if you have a balcony or some type of open space time out in the sun will help.
I bet there are some 420 experts that can provide true pro tips.
You don't need light to grow mushrooms.
Lettuce and micro greens for salads, basil for pesto. One green pepper plant is nice if you have space.
I've grown tomatoes (compact / bush variety) in an apartment. On a window facing the north, so almost no sunlight. Yeah yield is not great, but more than I expected. One plant gave me approx 2kg of tomatoes.
Farm all the things!
Also see: