The only reason we slaughter almost all male cattle in milk production is due to the scale of milk production. If we let every single male bovine live, there'd be far too many cattle to sustainably take care of. This is a very recent development, and not something inherent to harvesting milk. This problem would be solved by scaling back milk production drastically, something I do believe is necessary for multiple reasons.
The cows spend their whole lives artificially inseminated
This is untrue, cows have reproductive cycles like any other animal. Cows are only able to be bred about every 21 days. Additionally, farmers choose to wait 50-80 days after a cow gives birth before breeding them again. This article I read recently was very enlightening when it came to that subject as well.
Cows were never meant to produce 10L of milk a day cor their calves,
That is precisely what they are meant to do, it's something humans have bred for over tens of thousands of years. Whether you think that itself is wrong is another discussion. They are here now though, and that's what they do.
Now, most of what you're talking about is not inherent to dairy collection, and is only done because it is the most profitable option under capitalism. Same with chickens and eggs, and I ought to know more about that one because I lived with chickens when I was young, they were treated well and we didn't have a giant grinder that we sent every male chick into.
This is absurd. You are comparing humans to cattle. In no way is your example equivalent. I will not continue to engage if you wish to argue in bad faith.