Selfhosted
A place to share alternatives to popular online services that can be self-hosted without giving up privacy or locking you into a service you don't control.
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This part isn't true, you can use DNS challenge and they don't need to connect to your service. I have several services on my LAN that have never been accessible from the internet that have Let's Encrypt certs.
That sounds like the method OP is trying to use.
Hmmm. You're right; it's a mechanism I've never used because it's more work and it is slower, and I forget about it. All you need to do is be able to prove you own the domain, and control over the DNS record is certainly viable.
Is that what Porkbun does? Because Caddy can automate the http method, but not the DNS challenge method, because both require a handshake and that's updating the DNS record.
Porkbun is a domain registrar, so I'm guessing OP is using their API to edit a DNS record with the challenge so Let's Encrypt can prove ownership of the domain. Caddy can automate that, however, you need a Caddy build with a plugin for the registrar (use xcaddy), and then supply login details in the Caddyfile.
Here's the plugin for porkbun, and the README documents how to use it.
I prefer doing it this way so I don't need to expose my service to the internet to get a TLS cert, and I can also keep port 80 blocked.