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I can agree that a nuclear arsenal is (or rather, should be) a good deterrent against international aggression, but why does everyone need so many?! I wonder if it has to do with processing i.e. one 'process' produces tens or hundreds of warheads worth of material..
Reliability and defense systems, lets say you need 100 warheads for credible deterrence.
Your missiles have a success rate of 80% so no you need 120. The enemy defenses shoot down 50% so now you need 240.
So to guarantee the 100 warhead deterrence you already need 240 warheads, and this number only increases further.
I mean, nominally, they don’t; it’s a legacy of the Cold War. But instead of drawing things down after the USSR fell, Russia held on to thousands and thousands of them, and the US felt it would be irresponsible to allow such a clear imbalance of power with a recent foe… that turned into a current foe. And China, being a neighbor of Russia, and also now a pretty clear adversary of the US, wasn’t about to let themselves get outpaced by strategic rivals either.
There was an opportunity in the 90s to just calm things down a ton, but that came and went.
TL;DR: a sound modern nuclear policy for a reasonably wealthy country is to have a reasonable enough number of weapons deployable via at least two vectors (one as sub-launched, if possible) to serve as a credible and ironclad second-strike force. That is the backstop that’ll keep your borders and sovereignty safe in the long run.