It sounds like your partition table is corrupted. Recreating it (with parted or fdisk) shouldn't affect the data. Also, I believe that if it shows up as a block device, you should be able to copy it with dd. dd can write to another block device or to a file (like an iso).
After further investigation, I decided to mark the hard drive as corrupt. Fedora 38, Debian 12, and Windows 7 will not detect the drive, so I will send it to a data recovery institution to get my data. I honestly do not know what happened.
Not sure if you already sent the drive away but I would recommend checking the output of 'dmesg' (as root on most distributions) after you plug in the drive. It might give a clue as to whats wrong.
It could just be the enclosure or power supply of the enclosure. Can you hear/feel the harddisk starting up? You could try opening the enclosure and just directly install it into a PC if you feel comfortable working with hardware.
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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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