As others have stated, it's usually as simple as downloading a torrenting program and finding something to torrent. There are many programs, and many sites dedicated to hosting torrented files, both of which would probably be breaking the rules of this instance if I were to link them. But for the sake of intellectual curiosity, if you look them up, you can find them easily. (If you're interested in what torrenting is and why it's different than just downloading, I've moved my paragraph to the bottom to ease the wall of text.)

As for internet privacy, there's no one singular repository of information or "holy bible" as it were to adhere to. Internet privacy is something you just pick up over time as you get used to the Internet and indeed make many mistakes on your own. I've done my fair share of clicking shady links and losing access to my accounts in my day, and as they say, whatever doesn't kill you makes you stronger. So don't be so hard on yourself, you'll learn in due time, one way or another. Don't be afraid to ask more questions and make your own mistakes, it's only human. Right now, as long as you're partially aware of some of the dangers of the Internet, you're already leaps and bounds ahead of other people, and that's a-okay.

Anyway, as for the intricacies of torrenting, it's actually a very interesting and seemingly complex but actually simple system. Torrenting is also called peer-to-peer transferring, which as the name implies, is done by transfering information between everyone! Like others have said in this thread, you're not just downloading a file from some server somewhere, but you're getting many many small pieces of information from potentially hundreds or thousands of different people. It's like if you tried reconstructing a book by going to your friend John, and he photocopies the first chapter, then you go to your friend Mike, and he photocopies the second chapter, and so on. Files in a torrenting network are broken into small blocks, which are downloaded from other peoples' computers, and then reconstruted as one file on your own computer! This does imply that, while you are downloading a file while torrenting, you're also uploading it! When you receive information from others, your computer then also turns around and broadcasts that information to anyone in the torrenting network who still needs it. When you've fully downloaded the file, you can also choose to continue uploading and broadcasting the file for other people to download from. (This is called "seeding" and is typically seen as either a nice thing to do, or downright mandatory in some circles.) You can probably see now why piracy is so prevalent here, as it's downright impossible to squash an entire network of people all sharing files amongst each other, and law enforcement can't prevent everyone from doing it. (And if you're taking proper precautions like using a reputable VPN, they won't even know you're torrenting anything at all!) It's a very interesting system, one that I think is super neat, but it does have its positives and negatives. Hope you found this as interesting as I do!

I good example that's completely legal is Linux distributions. They are licensed in a way that lets you share the file with other people so there is no risk of illegal activity.

You need torrent software installed that can speak the language of the torrenting protocol. Examples would be QBitTorrent, Transmission, and uTorrent, but there are others as well.

For the general process, you would download and install torrenting software, then you would go to a page that has torrent files (like this Ubuntu page), save the .torrent file and then from the software open that file, this will begin the download. Once it's done, you have a full copy of the files on your computer.

The only thing unique about torrents is that you are downloading parts of the file from a bunch of other people that have a copy, instead of downloading the whole file from just one single server.

Ok, so I do know about all this, but I guess I never knew this was what it was called

yeah, that sums it up pretty well.