It's slightly more nuanced than that, but you've got the basic idea.

The caching is kind of mandatory as the sub-problems interact.

That is conceptually how dynamic programming works, but in practice the way you build the cache is from the bottom up rather than from the top down. It's a bit like how you can implement computation of the Fibonacci sequence in a top-down manner using a recursive function with caching, but it is a lot more efficient to instead build it in a bottom-up manner.

No, seriously. Article probably means background processes. Maybe aplies to session-daemons or user-daemons. Other daemons (udev, logrotate) were started long before there was any shell.

“Cascading Style Sheets”, just to mean that properties can be overridden

This one is really wrong too. But I think his overall point is made clear by other examples. Nomenclature tends toward jargon in software culture.

But that's true in any field.