Cashin and his team found that only NSAIDs seemed to be effective over placebo for acute back pain, while five appeared to work for chronic back pain. These were: exercise, spinal manipulation (which is often associated with chiropractors, but can be performed by physical therapists or osteopaths), taping, antidepressants, and a class of drugs that reduce our sensitivity to pain called TRPV1 agonists (the primary ingredient responsible for a chili pepper’s burning sensation, capsaicin, is one such agonist). Other treatments that failed to meet the threshold for success included cannabinoids, muscle relaxants, opioids, acupuncture, and dry cupping.
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“The current evidence shows that one in 10 non-surgical and non-interventional treatments for low back pain are efficacious, providing only small analgesic effects beyond placebo,” they wrote.
Like the author, I've found exercise works best for me. 🤷♂️